Investigating Impact of Differential Metabolic Gene Expressions on a Panel of Cancers

Rachel Tbeile Mann, Verrazzano Class of 2024, completed major in Psychology and minor in Biology

I have always enjoyed researching topics that interest me, and this project was no different. I had decided to graduate earlier than I expected to, so I was working on a shorter timeline but still enjoyed the process of researching and developing this thesis.

After taking radiation biology with Dr. Liu-Sullivan, I knew that I wanted to explore this topic further and reached out to her at the end of the semester about doing research. Initially, the focus of the research was going to be an investigation of drinking water quality of zip codes that are near the now closed Fresh Kills Landfill. However, the project had to be redesigned.

The Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) water quality database is only based on one water sample for all of New York, making a comparison of different zip codes impossible. As I had been a part of a research group, we decided to base our project instead on studying five types of cancers that are unusually prevalent among the Staten Island population. We each studied one of those cancers (I studied pancreatic cancer) and how varying levels of gene expression of three genes impact patient prognostics and overall survival.

To analyze the impact of gene expression on patient prognostics and overall survival, I used the KAPLAN-MEIER PLOTTER, which is a comprehensive database that provides information on differential gene expressions using Affimetrix, RNAseq, and DNA sets. This website provides figures that can then be analyzed to gain insight on differential gene expression.

The three genes I studied were: leptin, insulin, and insulin-growth factor. Insulin, which is secreted by the pancreas, controls blood sugar levels to maintain homeostasis. A regulatory protein called insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) controls growth hormones and stimulates the formation of new bones and tissues. Leptin is a protein hormone that is secreted by adipocytes and is vital to the body's energy balance. Leptin stimulates the growth of cancer cells, motility, and metastasis when a malignant tumor appears, although it is not always a cause of cancer.

It is interesting to note that while I expected differential levels of gene expression to have significant impacts on patient prognostic and survival in pancreatic cancer, that was not the case for all of the genes I had studied. Since my results weren’t what I expected, I feel like I gained even more insight on this topic than anticipated.

Through this thesis, I gained a better understanding of how research is conducted in the science world and learned that it doesn’t always go as expected. I also improved my collaboration and data analysis skills. Overall, I am grateful for this experience and especially for the unwavering guidance and support of my mentor throughout this process.

Reflections on SLS 303 Modern Cultures Course

Bayan Khalil, Verrazzano Class of 2024, completed major in SLS Early Childhood

When I reflect on the materials from the SLS 303 Modern Cultures course alongside my own time and culture, I notice the striking parallels that shed light on contemporary issues that are all around us. Exploring modernist literature like Virginia Woolf's works reveals profound insights into the human consciousness and societal expectations that are put upon us. Characters like Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Warren Smith mirror struggles that are still faced by individuals today, such as isolation, identity, and pressure to conform. These themes resonate deeply in our world which is dominated by social media and the superficial connections that we seek.

Woolf advocated for the right of women's education and empowerment and this is part of ongoing discussions on gender equality in our current society. She challenged a society that often marginalized women's voices to show the importance of education and empowerment and she succeeded. These are seen as pillars of progress and change.

Freud's psychoanalytic theories offer valuable insights into the complexities of human behavior. While Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" reveals insights into the human consciousness and our societal expectations, with Freud's theories being applied we see just how much human behavior is affected through childhood. People often view his ideas critically today, but his emphasis on the unconscious and early childhood experiences still influences contemporary psychology and is still used today. When reading his work, you can instantly feel a connection to our lives in the present day. I see parallels between Freud's concepts with how people deal with individual struggles with their unresolved issues and traumas, while they are often unaware of their underlying motivations.

When you look at art and literature from the modernist period through the work of artists like Picasso and writers like Woolf, it is obvious that there is a shared spirit of rebellion against societal norms they faced. Picasso's cubism and Woolf's stream-of-consciousness writing were groundbreaking in their era, and are reminiscent of today's movements advocating for diversity and breaking down barriers. Modernism pushed boundaries and challenged traditions, aligning with today's cultural landscape. The modernist movement reminds us of the importance of artistic expression and innovation in shaping society.

Overall, the materials from SLS 303 provided me with valuable insights that remain prevalent in my own time and society. Engaging with Woolf, Freud, Kafka and other modernist figures deepens my understanding of the human experience and their enduring impact on navigating contemporary life.

Scratch, The Beginning of Coding for Young Children

Bayan Khalil, Verrazzano Class of 2024, completed major in SLS Early Childhood

Through my research, I gained a profound understanding of the significance of digital literacy and computational thinking. Initially, when introduced to Scratch, I harbored little interest. However, collaborating closely with my mentor Dr. Ting Yuan enlightened me to its potential to revolutionize the landscape of computer science.

When looking at today's job market it is revealed that the most high-paying and sought-after positions involve some form of coding. With no prior coding experience, I wondered how individuals could grasp such concepts, especially later in life, when we could introduce this process at a younger age to ensure accessibility for all students. Not only would students acquire fundamental skills essential for future employment, but they would also develop a deeper comprehension of the digital realm, enabling them to navigate it more adeptly than ever before.

The integration of computational thinking into school curriculum is pivotal for children's development, fostering problem-solving skills and enabling them to discern its real-life applications. This structured problem-solving approach proves invaluable not only in coding but also in real-world scenarios.

My journey with Scratch opened my eyes to how a children's digital platform could revolutionize STEM education in schools. It stands out as an exceptional introductory tool, presenting a block-based interface that allows them to develop both technical and creative skills. My research underscores its superior engagement compared to traditional teaching methods. Students are naturally drawn to its interactive nature, fostering an environment where they can experiment and take control of their learning, potentially reaching a level of proficiency sought after by high-tech industries while still in school.

Scratch transcends barriers, fostering inclusivity and accessibility, particularly for students with disabilities. It not only facilitates communication but also encourages creative exploration and bridges language gaps. Most importantly, teachers play a pivotal role in facilitating this learning journey. They serve as guides, ensuring a smooth learning process tailored to individual needs. As I prepare to embark on my career as an early childhood educator, I recognize how this shift in teaching methodologies emphasizes the importance of understanding students' preferences and leveraging technology to enhance their educational experience.

My collaboration with Dr. Yuan has fundamentally altered my perspective on teaching, enriching my understanding of how to become a more effective educator. I am immensely grateful for the opportunity to work alongside such an exceptional professor and eagerly anticipate future collaborations. Even as I graduate from college, my journey with Scratch is only just beginning.

Mechanisms of Sleep

Zakary Blyth, Verrazzano Class of 2024, completed major in Psychology

Working on my capstone project was an academically fulfilling experience, full of challenges and triumphs. With the help of Dr. Batmanian, I put together a literature review consisting of all of the significant research and discoveries revolving around sleep within the last decade.

The past decade has been a fruitful period for sleep research, with studies attempting to solidify what the ideal conditions are for the perfect night’s sleep, and studies that take a deeper look into what goes on within the body during the deep sleeping hours. This also includes new discoveries about what the potential consequences are for the body when one is sleep deprived for an elongated period of time (usually consistently for years). Using these studies, I combined the information from all three sections to isolate the perfect conditions for optimal productivity and cognitive output.

The experience of this was challenging at times, as there was no shortage of brand new research. With all of these articles to choose from, choosing the ones that were most relevant, and which tied together with the other articles from each section was quite the task. By the end of the project, I ended up using 19 different studies, all of which have ideas that are interwoven within the others. There were a few rewrites as well, to make sure I got what I needed from each article. Although this proved to be challenging at the beginning, the amount of new information I learned by the end was well worth it. I got the chance to really use the skills I learned about writing APA research papers, and got the opportunity to write a full-length review of my own, which was a great experience. Dr. Batmanian was extremely helpful in helping me to edit my work, and helped keep my ideas on track, along with giving several helpful suggestions that helped the paper flow better.

The other component of the project, the poster board, was a wonderful learning experience as well. Having to pinpoint a select few talking points from the paper that effectively summarized the main ideas of the work was interesting, and designing the poster itself was pretty fun, because there were so many options. I was excited to share my work at the Undergraduate Research Conference.

Overall, my experience completing my capstone project was a great one. I got the opportunity to learn a lot about sleep (and there is so much more to know that has not been discovered yet), and present it as comprehensively as I could. I was able to use the skills I learned throughout my time at CSI, and complete a project that I am proud of. I could not wait to present this work, and to see the amazing work of my peers.

Emphasis in Speech: The Individual’s Perspective

Thikra Mohammad, Verrazzano Class of 2024, completed major in English Linguistics and minor in Speech Language Pathology

My independent study research class has been one of the most beneficial and challenging courses I have ever taken in my college career. The research stood out with a lot of practical tools and concepts I learned over the past year. I worked on a group project all semester with other college students, trying our absolute best to gather data, with our English Linguistics professor alongside us helping us every step of the way.

When this research first began, I didn't know what to expect. I had never taken an independent study before, and I worked with a professor on researching empathy and how it intertwines with our ability to perceive and comprehend the emotions conveyed through speech.

It was so interesting to investigate how our tendency to hear or distinguish between how people emphasize words during speech may be related to particular character traits. As time passed and we reached our maximum number of participants to volunteer to take the study in our research lab, it was a surreal feeling. I remember telling my parents how it was a very different feeling than completing most of my classes after finalizing the research. It was a feeling like no other, knowing that you worked so hard, trying to find participants that fit the criteria of only native English-speaking individuals and having a total of 100 volunteers. I had accomplished something I never saw myself doing the last 3 years or even back when I was in high school.

This research was so cool to see the intriguing relationship between empathy and speech perception, but it mainly focused on how individual differences in perspective-taking abilities shape the sensitivity to vocal emphasis. It took a lot of time and effort to make this research successful and possible for all of us to present at the undergraduate conference.

The purpose of this capstone was to show compelling insights into the interplay between empathy and speech perception. The positive correlation observed between perspective-taking abilities and sensitivity to vocal emphasis underscores the pivotal role of empathy in facilitating accurate interpretation of what are called prosodic cues.

In the present study, we tested for a relationship between empathy; an aspect of personality, and cognitive processing style and emphasis. We found that individual differences in empathy were predictive in the perception of emphasis. It was estimated using measures of emotion recognition, and emphasis was operationalized as the height of pitch levels on words, in what is known as Words with Sentenced Stress. This shows that empathy may be an important source of individual differences in perceiving and understanding spoken language.

This research project was a major turning point in my undergraduate experience and was both demanding and enlightening. Working with classmates and a dedicated professor brought richness to the experience, and as a capstone course, it offered an environment for putting learned principles into practice. Investigating the relationship between speech perception and empathy provided exciting new insights into the dynamics of human communication. The results of participant recruitment, study design, and data analysis demonstrated how important empathy is in influencing how we interpret spoken language. This study reflects my progress and perseverance during my time in college and adds to the academic conversation as well as being a personal accomplishment.