Play Based Learning in Early Childhood Education

Erin Westgate, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in SLS

Completing my capstone project on play-based learning in Early Childhood Education has been deeply informative and rewarding. I was able to dive deeper into these benefits for young children and grow a deeper understanding of how children grow, learn, and think. I also have a deeper appreciation for educators who already prioritize play in learning after seeing how impactful it is on young children. Play creates a safe and engaging environment for children to succeed and learn, as well as fosters cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development.

 I chose to write about this topic as I thought it would be beneficial for me to learn more   information about the impact that it has on young children. I am going to be an early   childhood education teacher, and I wanted to learn how I could incorporate this learning   method into my future classroom. I had learned a little about play-based learning in a few of   college classes and the benefits of it intrigued me.

 Being a paraprofessional for the NYCDOE, I often did not see a lot of play-based learning in   classrooms other than pre-k and sometimes kindergarten. I believe that with all the   requirements and the curriculum that our city is choosing to implement in schools, it is hard   for teachers to find the time or space to incorporate play-based learning. However, after   completing this capstone, I think more educators and school leaders need to prioritize play   in school, especially when we are able to see the benefits of this approach in other   countries  who use it.

 Play serves as a natural way for children to explore and better understand the world around   them. When children engage in meaningful, self-directed play, they are having fun but also   developing critical thinking and language skills, collaboration, and problem solving.

 As I move further into my career as a teacher, I am excited to apply what I learned through   this capstone into my future classroom and create an environment that fosters creativity,   curiosity, and exploration for young children.

Advanced Fitness Metrics: Smart Barbell Attachment

Kevin Zabrowski, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Electrical Engineering and minor in Mathematics

My senior design project focused on creating a device that measures advanced exercise metrics such as barbell velocity, acceleration, and tilt. These are important for optimizing strength training and rehabilitation but are not captured by traditional methods. To solve this, I developed a smart barbell attachment: a lightweight, wireless sensor system that uses an accelerometer and gyroscope connected to a microcontroller. This system records real-time motion data, which is then processed using algorithms to provide detailed feedback on lifting performance. Through testing, the device successfully distinguished between light and heavy lifts, detected points where lifters tend to struggle, and identified barbell tilts that may indicate muscle imbalances or technique flaws. These results validated that the system could provide athletes, coaches, and physical therapists with useful, actionable data that normally goes unseen during workouts.

I became interested in this research area because of my background in powerlifting and my desire to explore ways to measure lifting performance more precisely. I was motivated by the idea that deeper, more accurate measurements could not only improve athletic outcomes but also prevent injury by identifying poor form early. During my initial research, I reviewed several commercial products and found that while some measured bar velocity, none offered comprehensive tilt angle tracking or gave users access to raw sensor data for deeper analysis. That realization made me confident there was a meaningful opportunity for innovation.

Going into the project, I expected the capstone to be centered on building hardware and running some tests to demonstrate it worked. In reality, the experience was much richer and more complex. It required me to study and apply advanced techniques like sensor fusion through Kalman filtering, coordinate transformations using rotation matrices, and digital signal processing in MATLAB to clean up noisy data. The project became an interdisciplinary challenge, bringing together hardware design, embedded programming, algorithm development, and biomechanical analysis.

One of the hardest challenges I encountered was dealing with sensor imperfections. Accelerometers tend to suffer from noise, while gyroscopes are prone to drift, making raw measurements unreliable. Combining these two sources through sensor fusion to get stable, accurate readings turned out to be a detailed and technical process. Another major challenge was designing an algorithm to detect exercise repetitions based on velocity data. Lifting movements in real life are inconsistent. Pauses, varying tempos, and small deviations made simple threshold detection unreliable. I had to build a finite state machine (FSM) that could adapt to these irregularities without miscounting repetitions. On the other hand, some aspects went more smoothly. Designing and assembling the physical prototype, including the 3D-printed case, was relatively straightforward and satisfying. I was also surprised by how much trial and error went into tuning filters. Extracting clean velocity signals required carefully balancing filter settings to reduce noise without removing valid movement data.

If I were to continue this work, I would first add Bluetooth capability to the device.
Currently, the prototype logs data onto a micro-SD card, which means users have to manually transfer the data for analysis. Wireless streaming to a mobile app would make the system much more convenient and practical. This would also open the door to real-time feedback, such as audio or visual cues when a user’s form begins to break down during a set. Another area for expansion would be adapting the data analysis algorithms to run directly on the device or in the app, so that lifters receive instant feedback rather than having to review reports afterward.

Finally, I would test the device with a broader group of users with different body types and lifting styles to make the repetition detection algorithm more robust and adaptable to diverse patterns. The most important takeaway from this project is a deeper appreciation for the challenge of capturing and analyzing human movement in a reliable way. I developed confidence in building systems from start to finish, from the idea stage through hardware assembly and software programming to producing useful feedback for users. This process also taught me how to comprehensively document my designs and create professional-quality figures and schematics that clearly communicate technical ideas.

Understanding Children's Mental Health

Mahjazee Ruiz, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Psychology and minor in Dance

For my capstone, I wanted to focus on an area that really aligned with my passions and interests, something I felt very strongly about. I've always been motivated to work with children and adolescents in my future career, and I have also always been a big advocate for mental health awareness in our society and communities. Focusing on the minimal attention that children's mental health receives would be very suited and important research for me.

My expectations for this capstone experience were pretty high, as I had never written or done this much research on my own, and that reality was a little daunting and overwhelming when I realized how big the project actually was. I think the hardest part for me was structuring all my information in the most relevant order and in a way that cohesively flowed, because there was so much information I had gathered.

At times, when working with my mentor, I found it hard to take out things I had written or edit and change them, because I believed every piece of information was important. Some things made more sense than others when developing the idea and structure for my research, so I had to make sure I was purposeful with the information I included to keep the goal of my research clear.

Finding the specific sub-topics I would include about children's mental health research was also quite challenging since many areas of children’s mental health didn't necessarily have that much research done on them, especially in terms of early diagnosis and interventions.

Not having a sufficient amount of research made the process take longer than I wanted and was a little frustrating. But the easiest thing for me about this entire project was writing it. It came so naturally to me to talk about something I would genuinely advocate for. When you speak from your heart, the words flow effortlessly, and that was one of the things that I most enjoyed from this research.

As someone who has struggled with mental health since a young age, this capstone hit close to home. I could relate to the need for identifying mental health needs in children, because when I was a kid having someone there and different outlets of expression helped me through a lot of difficult times.

As a child, it’s challenging to understand your emotions, especially if they are due to some sort of mental challenge. The environment that you come from can be evident in the way a child copes with their emotions and feelings. It was important for me to highlight the basis that there is not being enough care for specific groups, with emphasis on underdeveloped and marginalized communities.

One thing we fight for in this world is equality on all fronts. But how often is the need for children’s mental health advertised? Upon the completion of my capstone, I’ve noticed I have become much more aware of what society should do to navigate a healthier and more emotionally stable world for our children. Awareness and knowledge are where the growth begins, to help and nurture the minds of children for happier and more stable lives.

Visiting Freshkills Park

Matthew Dodge, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Biology (7-12) and minor in ASL

Last spring, I visited the infamous Freshkills Park, 2,200-acre wetlands that once housed the former Fresh Kills Landfill. For 46 years, Fresh Kills Landfill was the largest operating landfill in the world, processing about 29,000 short tons of garbage per day. In 1996, Staten Island’s Borough President Guy Molinari filed a lawsuit against the city, alleging the Fresh Kills Landfill violated the Clean Air Act of 1970 due to the daily emission of 5 tons of methane gas from the decomposing garbage. The landfill was finally closed in March of 2001, and was briefly reopened as a sorting area after the 9/11 attacks. Rescue workers sifted through approximately 1.6 million tons of World Trade Center rubble.

After closing, the garbage was covered by an impermeable landfill cap, sealing the garbage underground forever. This seal stops water from entering the waste, and stops methane gas from entering the atmosphere uncontrolled. Today, the park is suited to become the largest New York City park, about three times larger than Central Park. It is currently the largest grasslands environment in the region. The ecosystem has since started healing, and has become a hub for Ecology research and bird watching. The park will also have a memorial where the 9/11 search and rescue efforts took place, honoring the lives lost. This beautiful park serves as a reminder for how important environmental conservation is, and what we can do to promote ecological diversity in our environment.

Understanding Prosody in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Kayla Poggi, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in English Linguistics and minor in ASL

Throughout the completion of my capstone project, I learned things that will be beneficial to my future career as a Speech Language Pathologist, and learned more about Autism Spectrum.
For example, understanding prosody, which refers to the rhythm, pitch, volume, and intonation of speech, and plays an essential role in how we convey meaning, emotion, and intent in communication. In autism, prosody can be affected in various ways, which may lead to differences in how speech sounds to others. Many individuals with autism experience differences in prosody, such as monotone speech, which is a lack of variation in pitch, atypical speech rhythm, or inappropriate stress on words. These differences can sometimes make it harder for others to interpret their emotional state, intentions, or level of engagement.
This research taught me how social communication can have its challenges for someone with autism. The differences in prosody in individuals with autism may contribute to challenges in social communication. For instance, their speech might not align with social expectations of tone, such as speaking too loudly or softly, which can affect social interactions and lead to misunderstandings.
Prosody in autism could be due to difficulties in both producing and perceiving prosodic cues. Research could focus on whether individuals with autism struggle more with prosodic production (e.g., monotone speech) or perception (e.g., difficulty recognizing emotional tones in speech).
In addition to learning about prosody and how it impacts individuals with autism, I also learned a great deal about writing an in-depth research paper. I learned about writing structure, paying attention to details and making sure what I am writing aligns with my evidence. I learned how to do research on certain databases, handling citations, and how best to utilize my sources.
If I continued research on this topic, I think it could be further developed by observing people with autism in a social setting and focusing on expressive and receptive language.

The Effect of Spinal Electrical Cord Stimulation for Neurogenic Bladder

Karina Toska, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Biology and minor in Spanish

My research was motivated by an interest in anatomy and a curiosity of understanding the body systems and how they affect each other. My objective explored urinary incontinence due to spinal cord injury. Urinary incontinence is the leakage of urine from the bladder due to an individual losing control over the muscles in the bladder due to weakness. The urinary system and central nervous system are involved because the damage to nerves in the spinal cord create a miscommunication with the bladder which ultimately leads to patients urinating involuntarily, when their bladder isn’t full.

Methods such as electrical muscle stimulation are used, where shocks are applied from patches placed on top of or under the skin. Studies found that the electrical muscle stimulation had a positive impact, where events of involuntary urination decreased by 64%.

I was anticipating my capstone being difficult, because many studies had to be conducted and reviewed. It was challenging to read through multiple articles and create one cohesive paper based on many different data sets. Learning about and writing about the anatomy of the human body was easy since I had already learned that, and reading through articles gave me a refresher.

I think research on this topic could be further expanded to test if electrical muscle stimulation is able to provide more function to other limitations in the body, such as paralysis. Individuals who have gone through many unfortunate events that left them with paralyzed body parts might feel like they have lost hope, that they’ll never be able to move as they did before. Now, with new technological advancements, they will be able to regain function.

 After this research experience, I have been very appreciative of the physicians and physical therapists that work to help patients live happier lives and allow them to get therapy to gain more control over their bodies, therefore allowing them to have more control over their lives. I’ve been working as an EMT and many of the older patients I have had to transport have urinary incontinence, and many are bed-ridden, with diapers or tubes to catch their urine into a jug.

I was surprised yet elated with the results; in the beginning I had no idea if shocks delivered to the spinal cord would actually have a noticeable effect on a patient being able to hold in their urine, but in a relatively short time, I found that it was possible.

Capricorn AI: An Automated Deep Learning Approach for Histopathological Tissue Classification

Moshe Newman, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Molecular & Cellular Biology

I identified my research topic at the intersection of oncology, bioinformatics, and artificial intelligence, motivated by my longstanding passion for cancer research and precision medicine. My goal was to contribute toward improving the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency of cancer detection, ultimately aiming to benefit patient outcomes. The idea of utilizing advanced technology like deep learning to tackle histopathological classification inspired me, especially since the method holds potential for significant clinical impact.

Early on, I had expected the capstone to be straightforward training and testing of deep learning models. Instead, it turned out to be far more complicated and involved frequent troubleshooting and optimization. The capstone required heavy preprocessing, model architecture exploration, and close attention to model outputs. The complexity of converting results into clinical understanding was deeper than anticipated but ultimately more rewarding.

Among the greatest challenges was handling dataset imbalances and hyperparameter tuning of the neural network to avoid overfitting, and it took a lot of experimenting and statistical exploration. In contrast, understanding the theoretical background of deep learning was relatively easier to me given my background in bioinformatics as well as programming. What was most surprising to me was the complexity involved in adequately visualizing and representing the model output predictions, which necessitated creativity and more statistical expertise than expected.

To further expand this work, I plan to incorporate patient metadata and clinical history to enhance the predictive capability of Capricorn AI, effectively making it a more detailed diagnostic and prognostic tool. Exploring real-time imaging and adaptive training techniques could significantly improve clinical utility and specificity of the model. Lastly, conducting larger validation studies with more varied datasets will be necessary to facilitate generalizability.

Through this experience, I am developed a greater appreciation of the challenges and opportunities of interdisciplinary research. It reinforced my passion for bioinformatics and oncology and expanded my expertise in machine learning, particularly the importance of meticulous data handling, model verification, and successive experimentation. Professionally, it established my analytical skills, research endurance, and ability to present sophisticated scientific outcomes succinctly and persuasively to different audiences.

Exploring the Effects of Abnormal Tau Protein Expression in the Brain, Kidney, and Testes

Sethara Karunatilake, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Biology and minor in Humanities Honors

My research focused on studying how abnormal forms of a protein called Taurine affect different parts of the body: the brain, the kidneys, and the testes. Tau proteins are mainly known for their role in Alzheimer’s disease, where they form harmful clumps inside brain cells. However, we wanted to explore if these abnormal proteins might also cause problems in other organs, not just the brain. Using lab techniques like immunostaining and confocal microscopy, we observed where Tau proteins were located in tissue samples and how they interacted with other important cellular components.

In the brain, we found that abnormal Tau disrupted key receptor systems, especially in areas that are important for memory and learning. In the kidneys, we saw that Tau affected receptors involved in blood pressure control. In the testes, abnormal Tau appeared to interfere with structures important for sperm production. These results suggest that when Tau goes wrong, it may have broader impacts on the body than previously thought, raising important questions about how therapies aimed at Tau in the brain might unintentionally affect other organs.

I first came across this research area while taking a six-hour lab with Dr. Alonso. I liked the fact that everything in her research area was backed up by what was visible by confocal images. If we knew what antibodies we’re using and which part of the cell they were targeting, we could make an analysis on how the proteins interacted with the tissue samples. I’ve always been interested in participating in a research project and since I already had background knowledge from the 6-hour lab, it was easier to apply it to my own project. When I learned that Tau proteins are found in other tissues, not just the brain, questions like “why were they there, and could they cause harm outside the brain too?”, were raised. With the help and guidance from my mentor, this motivated me to explore the topic further through my independent study project.

Before starting my capstone, I expected the project to feel very structured and straightforward, a lot like following a detailed lab manual. In reality, it was much more open ended. I had to troubleshoot unexpected problems, like weaker staining signals or inconsistent tissue samples. Research turned out to be less about following a recipe and more about constantly adapting and thinking critically. This was both exciting and a little overwhelming at times.

One of the biggest challenges was learning to be patient with slow progress. Sometimes it took days to get one good result. It was also challenging to interpret complex patterns in the data where it wasn’t always obvious what the findings meant, especially since this was my first time working on an independent study like this. On the other hand, once I got the hang of the lab techniques, the actual hands-on work became easier. It was surprising to me how much time and effort goes into obtaining even a single clear image. I remember spending hours at the confocal imaging facility; however, in the end it was all worth it.

If I were to expand this research, I would want to see if there are variations or differences in the effects of mice that might be of different sexes and ages. For example, do mice that are younger show less or more impacts of tau than those that may be more mature, and do female mice react differently to these abnormal proteins than male mice, because maybe not all abnormal Tau proteins behave the same way.

Overall, this research experience taught me how unpredictable science can be and how important creativity and critical thinking skills are when things don’t go according to plan. It also gave me a deeper appreciation for how interconnected the body’s systems are. I’m leaving this project not just with technical skills, but with an open mind about biology and disease. I’m excited to carry this experience forward into my future experiences. 

Echoes of Understanding: Exploring Schizophrenia's Ripple Effect on Relationships: A Literature Review

Jordan Pernice, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Psychology 

My research area was inspired by a deep interest in understanding the correlation between mental health and human relationships. As a psychology major, I’ve always been fascinated by how mental health disorders affect interpersonal connections. Schizophrenia stood out as particularly misunderstood, profoundly impacting to those who have it. My motivation stemmed from a desire to bridge the gap between clinical understanding and human empathy.

Initially, I thought the capstone would be a straightforward academic exercise. In reality, it was much more. It became a journey of discovery, pushing me to question stereotypes, connect with the emotional narratives behind the data, and explore the societal implications of stigma. It was intellectually challenging, but also deeply personal. By the end, I felt like I had not just written a literature review, but had also contributed to promoting understanding and compassion for those impacted by schizophrenia.

I found that confronting the depth of stigma and misinformation surrounding schizophrenia to be deeply challenging. Sifting through dense research articles was tough, but even harder was digesting the emotional toll the disorder takes on individuals and their relationships. At times, the statistics and stories felt overwhelming. However, what came naturally was my passion for the topic. I never doubted my commitment to shedding light on this important issue.

What surprised me the most was how interconnected everything was. This project proved that addressing mental health is not just about discussing treatment, but also about promoting societal change.

This research is only the beginning. I’d love to explore interventions that improve relationship dynamics for individuals with schizophrenia, particularly focusing on romantic relationships, which are often overlooked. Expanding the study to include personal narratives and interviews with individuals and their families could provide richer, more human perspectives. Additionally, exploring cross-cultural differences in how schizophrenia is perceived and managed could highlight areas for global improvement in mental health care and societal support systems.

This experience has been incredibly personal for me. My stepfather’s struggle with schizophrenia was my first glimpse into how this disorder affects not only the individual but also their loved ones. Witnessing his journey, the challenges he faced in maintaining relationships, and the misconceptions he has endured gave me a unique perspective and a deep empathy for those living with mental illness.

Through this research, I’ve come to appreciate the resilience of individuals like my stepfather and their families. I’m walking away with a renewed sense of purpose to advocate for mental health awareness and a commitment to fostering understanding in both my personal and professional life as I continue my journey in psychology.

The Realities of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Kelliann D’Ambrosio, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in English Literature and Writing, and minor in Italian

My capstone was broken into two parts. One of these parts was a collection of poems centered around my experience with OCD, dissociation, and anxiety. This includes, but is not limited to, my day-to-day struggles with intrusive thoughts and verbal tics. My research portion was centered around the argument that there needs to be a shift in the way OCD is viewed within society and within the way it is treated, as there seems to be a lot of misunderstanding surrounding what OCD actually entails.

In order to support this, I looked for research on different treatments, the symptoms associated with OCD, the likelihood of those with OCD to develop a different mental illness, and the experiences of family members for individuals who have OCD.

I identified these areas for my research and poetry because I suffer from OCD myself. I wanted to provide a creative exploration of my personal experience while also including a research component that explored experiences with OCD at large.

I expected this capstone to be difficult and, in that aspect,, I was correct. However, I was unaware how much I was going to learn from this capstone. When writing my poems, I had this idea in mind that I knew exactly what I was going to write and how I was going to write it. Instead, I ended up surprising myself by expressing my experiences with mental illness in ways I had never considered before, whether that be through my language or through the forms I employed.

Regarding my research component, I was surprised that I was truly able to learn about OCD outside the confines of my own experiences. For instance, I was able to find research that supports the effectiveness of family-inclusive therapy. I was also able to learn that those who have OCD can be highly likely to also develop some other type of mental illness, such as depression and anxiety.

If I were to further to expand on this topic within my poetry, I would like to become more experimental and allow myself to further explore forms that I have not worked with before. To further expand on my research component, I would be interested in exploring different methods of OCD treatment. Overall, this research experience has left me with a sounder confidence in my abilities as a poet as well as a desire to explore OCD from a more research-based perspective.

Researching the Advancements of Women in the Workplace from the Early 2000’s – 2024

Allura Surat, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in History and minor in Psychology

When thinking about my capstone, I looked back at two different papers I had written in classes I enjoyed which lead me to my research topic. The first paper was about the gender pay gap in the sports industry and the second paper was with an interview with my mother, and dealt with the impacts of being a nurse during COVID-19.

My mother is my motivation. When thinking about working and what I want to do with my life I always look back at what she had to go through to get to the position she is in now. This heavily influenced my research as I wanted to find out more about not only women in the workplace but nursing specifically.

When I first started my capstone, I was nervous about everything that I was going to have to get done and it felt overwhelming at first. I did not have an idea where I really wanted to start and all of the aspects that I wanted to include. I felt like I had so much information that was not specific enough so I needed to figure out a way in which I could narrow my research but still make it relevant to the broadness of the topic.

Working throughout the process I understood the importance of time management, and I became proud of the work I was doing. All of the hard work I put in was worth it in the end when everything came together.  

I was quite surprised about some new information I was researching, especially in Staten Island since I grew up here. There is so much nursing history in Staten Island that I never really paid too much attention to until I had started doing this research.

I would really like to explore this topic more in the future by not only focusing on Staten Island but other areas or maybe even countries. I could also focus on hospitals in Staten Island and see how things are currently, since there have been new units added, different nursing staff, and improvements on technology.

I was able to obtain a lot of new and useful information when doing this research. It was really an eye opener to see the ways that nursing and women in the work field have made improvements despite there still being many challenges to this day. I was able to look at a profession other than my own and see how others may be impacted compared to myself. I recognized how hard nurses have always worked despite any conditions that they were put in to help their patients to the best of their ability. All in all, this research was an enjoyable learning experience.

The Role of Serotonin 1A Receptors in Neurogenesis in Neonatal Mouse Hippocampus via PKCε Mediated Signaling

Deena Mohsen, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Psychology and minors in Biology, Biochemistry, Chemistry

One of my earliest memories from this research project was being in the lab, standing over a plate of tiny wells, trying to find the brain sections at the bottom. They were so thin and delicate I couldn't even tell if anything was there. We were starting the staining process, which meant gently washing the tissue with different solutions, carefully pipetting the liquid out, and repeating that multiple times. I remember being so nervous that I would accidentally suction up the section. Everything had to be done slowly and precisely. That was my first glimpse into how careful this research would have to be.

My project focused on how serotonin 1A receptors influence neurogenesis, the process of generating new neurons in the brain. I studied the dentate gyrus (DG), a region in the hippocampus involved in memory and emotion. In neonatal mice, the DG is still actively producing new neurons. I wanted to understand whether serotonin 1A receptor signaling plays a role in this process, and whether it's connected to a protein called protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), which supports early brain development.

We used fluorescent staining to label specific cell types. Hoechst stained all nuclei blue, Ki67 labeled dividing cells in red, and DCX highlighted immature neurons in green. Using a confocal microscope, I scanned through the depth of the tissue from top to bottom to capture z-stacks, which allowed us to build 3D images of the DG. The goal was to visualize patterns of neurogenesis and determine how these molecular signals might be involved.

While I could recognize the DG in the tissue fairly quickly, interpreting the imaging was much harder. The microscope produced detailed images full of blue, red, and green-stained cells, but figuring out what those meant, whether cells were dividing, immature, or overlapping, took a lot of trial and error. It wasn't just about getting a picture. It was about understanding what I was looking at and what it revealed about neurogenesis in the brain.

At first, the idea of doing a capstone like this was intimidating. I didn't know how I was going to manage something with so many unfamiliar steps like staining, imaging, and data analysis. But once I started and focused on one step at a time, it became easier. The repetition helped me build confidence, and every small success made the next part less scary. I learned to troubleshoot, stay patient, and adapt when things didn't go as planned.

What I appreciated most about this project was how it brought together all the areas I've studied. I've always been interested in how brain development relates to behavior. This project gave me the chance to explore that connection from a molecular perspective while gaining real lab experience that challenged me in ways I wasn't expecting.

One of the most rewarding parts was seeing a clean, focused image of the DG with clearly stained cells in blue, red, and green, each one representing a piece of the story. After all the hours spent preparing, staining, imaging, and redoing steps, those moments felt like a payoff.

I'm especially grateful to Josie, who worked closely with me in the lab and taught me every step of the process, helping me feel more confident over time. And thank you to my mentor, Dr. Banerjee, for the opportunity to work on this research and for supporting the project throughout the year.

This capstone reminded me that growth doesn't happen all at once. It happens through small steps, constant problem-solving, and showing up even when you're unsure. It taught me how to stay focused, work carefully, and recognize how much I was growing along the way. It's an experience I'll always carry with me.

Investigating c-Fos as a Marker of Neural Activity in Planarians

Matthew Dodge, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Biology (7-12) and minor in ASL

My research investigated a common model organism known as planaria, a freshwater flatworm known for its regenerative ability and unique structure. It is similar to vertebrates, or organisms with backbones, which is evident through the conserved neurotransmitters, like serotonin and dopamine that is found in humans and planaria. This makes it a viable model organism for researchers to use in their laboratories.

However, little research has been done on the expression of a specific protein in planaria, known as c-Fos. It is produced by an Immediate Early Gene (IEG), meaning it has a rapid and transient production. In science, it is a known neural marker, meaning once the neuron is activated, the c-Fos protein is expressed and is visible under a confocal microscope for specific period of time. This information could be useful for a variety of reasons, including learning and memory research, mental health research, biomedicine, and specifically epilepsy, where neurons are activated and firing uncontrollably. By verifying the presence of c-Fos in planaria, we open the door for laboratories to expand epilepsy research and overcome financial burdens that come with vertebrate research.

Our research began by causing seizures in 20 worms using kainic acid, which activates neurons and causes synchronous, high-frequency firing. At 0 minutes, we killed 5 worms, then fixed them on a microscope slide. At 30, 120, and 240 minutes we repeated these steps. Once all the worms were fixed, we then observed the worms under a confocal microscope. It works similar to an MRI. It takes photos on individual planes of axis to create a high-resolution image that is unblurred by light coming from other angles. For instance, instead of taking a photo of an uncut cucumber, the confocal microscope would cut a thin slice out from the middle, then lay the slice flat and take a photo of it. The microscope will not only show us a 3D visual of the entire Planaria inside out, it will show us the fluorescence of the c-Fos protein. It shows up bright red in photos when present, and darker where it is not as present.

Each photo was analyzed on a software called ImageJ, which allowed me to calculate the amount of fluorescence specifically in the head and body of the flatworm. Once this data was collected, I created two line graphs to visualize the data over the course of 240 minutes. The data showed a temporal expression similar to that of vertebrates in the head. While not perfect, the repetition of this procedure with guidelines and protocols for confocal imaging will help us in the future. However, our data is promising and provides a foundation for the potential use of planaria as a model organism in neuroscience.

I expected this research to be trickier than it was, due to the first attempt being a little less than pleasant. We ran this experiment before measuring c-Fos expression using a Western Blot. This did not turn out as nicely as intended, leading to insufficient data to support our hypothesis. Having repeated the experiment again using a different approach, I am satisfied with the results, and happy with the work I put in.

This research can definitely be improved and implemented to build a strong foundation for the use of planaria as a model organism for neuroscience research. The validation of the presence of c-Fos would eliminate financial burdens caused by vertebrate research and allow for more accessible data. Further research can be done to evaluate the nervous system of planaria and map the areas of the brain firing under different stressors including seizures, chemical exposures, memorization, etc.

Our hypothesis was supported by the presence of a c-Fos-like temporal expression over the course of 240 minutes, specifically peaking at 30 minutes in the head of the planaria. While more research can be done to validate the presence of c-Fos, this lays the groundwork for further neuroscience research using a cheaper, small, and easier to handle model organism. Further research can be done to validate the presence of c-Fos and produce a nicer temporal expression.

This research experience granted me one of a kind access to equipment many students are unable to access. My favorite experience was using the confocal microscope, a one of a kind piece of equipment that takes beautiful images of planaria samples. Working in these settings invigorated my passion for learning. What also motivated me was the history of our school grounds and the Willowbrook State School. As a future New York City school teacher, being aware of the different learning disabilities that may impact your students and responding appropriately is necessary to maintain a safe and positive learning environment.

Pill Recognition using Discrete Cosine Transform Technology

Eslam Hussein, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Electrical Engineering

My research project focused on solving a common but serious problem: helping Alzheimer’s patients take their medicine correctly. People with Alzheimer’s often forget when or how much medication to take, which can lead to health problems, hospital visits, or even dangerous situations. To help fix this, we developed a smart pill dispenser that uses a special computer vision technique called the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to recognize pills based on their shape and size.

I chose this research topic because I’ve always wanted to build something that makes a real difference in people’s lives. I’ve seen how hard it is for elderly patients to manage their medications, particularly when memory loss is involved. The idea of using technology, especially computer vision, to solve this problem felt meaningful and exciting.

At first, I thought the capstone would mostly be about building hardware, but it turned out to be more about analyzing data and writing code to process images. That shift surprised me, but it helped me grow a lot as a student. I had to teach myself new concepts in signal processing and image analysis, which was challenging but also rewarding.

The hardest part was working with image data. It wasn’t always easy to get clear images of pills or extract the right features using DCT. Small things like lighting or camera angle could affect the results. On the other hand, once we figured out the right steps, the actual coding and testing went more smoothly than I expected. I also found that writing about the results and explaining them in simple terms helped me understand the work better.

In the future, I’d love to expand this project by connecting the dispenser to a mobile app for caregivers. The app could give updates, track missed doses, or even show live camera feedback. I’d also like to train the system to recognize more types of pills and work under different lighting conditions.

What I learned from this project is the importance of persistence and creativity. Research doesn’t always go the way you expect, and sometimes what seems like a small discovery—like a data pattern—can lead to a big improvement. I also learned how powerful it is when engineering and healthcare come together. This capstone taught me not just how to build a smart device, but how to think deeply about the people who will use it.

Analyzing Malware Safely: A Virtual Lab for Cybersecurity Research

Evan Brown, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Computer Science 

For my capstone I created a virtual malware analysis lab, with the objective of having a fully functional and safe environment to run and analyze malware without any risk of causing real damage. Cybersecurity is my passion, and it is a vast and changing field. On my journey, I realized I had yet to uncover the world of malware analysis, which sparked my curiosity. I used to watch YouTube videos of detonation of malware, but now I could do it myself.

Malware and cyber threats continue to evolve, which makes it so important to have analysis in order to develop the proper counter measures and awareness. I had some general knowledge of how I would go about setting this kind of lab up beforehand. I knew I would need virtual machines, which are software computers inside your actual computer, to keep the effects of the malware isolated. I also knew there were a lot of safety precautions I would have to take and thoroughly familiarize myself with.

 

Once I chose the virtual machines I would be using, the setup process turned out to be long and challenging. Many of the tools I needed were sensitive downloads which led to many things going wrong. Any issue in a single download could lead to hours of troubleshooting. Many things did not download properly, were outdated, or were not available anymore entirely. These problems were frustrating, but I didn’t let it deter me and I eventually was able to set up everything that I wanted, or made compromises when I had to. That was the least fun part of the project, and I was glad to get it out of the way early.

 

The rest of the setup dealt with setting up a private network for the virtual machines, which didn’t cause too many problems. Surprisingly, once everything was set up, the rest of the safety precautions were easy to put in place and remember, relieving me slightly of the stress of beginning to run real world malware. I didn’t detonate my first piece of malware until I was absolutely sure it was properly isolated and safe. Despite my confidence and triple-checks that everything was ready, the first time was extremely nerve-wracking. After that however, it became easier and easier. Thankfully there have been no accidents so far.

 

The next major step was to learn how to analyze this malware I could now safely run. This was a very fun process to learn the techniques, and then immediately put them into use on my own desktop, which was incredibly rewarding.

 

The greatest part about this capstone is that there is no end to the techniques I can learn, and malware I can analyze. I may have the fundamentals down, but there is so much more to explore. With my lab fully operational, I can now focus entirely on expanding my knowledge. Overall this was an extremely insightful project opening a brand-new door to cybersecurity and a potential career field. My use of this lab is far from over, as I continue to expand my expertise in this field.

The Implication of INO80 Acetylation in Transcriptional Activation

Anusha Haris, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Biology

My capstone project was a dive into the fascinating field of gene regulation. Gene regulation is the process by which the information encoded in our DNA is translated into the diverse characteristics that make us who we are. My research specifically focused on the INO80 chromatin remodeling complex and its role in this complicated process.
The question that drove my work was identifying the exact lysine residue within the INO80 complex that undergoes acetylation, a modification known to play a key role in influencing gene expression.
Looking back on the experience, my initial interest in gene regulation stemmed from classes like the Biology of Disease and Genetics. These classes opened my eyes to how cells coordinate gene expression and how disruptions can lead to the diseases and conditions we see in our everyday lives.
Though I was very excited to tackle my project when it first began, and I started with a clear framework, my work also involved navigating unexpected challenges. Without a doubt, the most difficult aspects of the research were fine-tuning the PCR conditions. Achieving the correct annealing temperatures for primer binding and troubleshooting inconsistent results required persistence and analytical thinking. In contrast, the earlier stages of sample preparation were relatively straightforward.
One of the most surprising things for me was the sheer amount of troubleshooting characteristics in molecular biology research. I learned that scientific progress often involves overcoming obstacles and adapting experimental strategies. My experiences in the lab were also very different from what I expected. Long hours were spent running tests and waiting for results. However, all the benchwork I performed helped me gain much experience in the kind of tests performed in the field of genomics.
Several different routes could be taken in terms of future research directions with my project. Investigating the specific enzymes responsible for INO80 acetylation would provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms at play. Furthermore, it would be interesting to examine how this acetylation is influenced by various cellular signals and map out the protein-protein interactions mediated by the identified lysine residue.
The capstone experience has been enriching, providing me with invaluable skills and insights. I've honed my abilities in molecular biology techniques, developed my problem-solving skills, and cultivated a deeper appreciation for the scientific process. Beyond the technical expertise, this research has reinforced my passion for scientific inquiry and its potential to make meaningful contributions to advancing human health. As someone pursuing a BS/ MS in Biology on the Pre-med track, this project allowed me to explore the foundational science that supports human health and disease. As I progress in my pre-med track, I am eager to integrate this research foundation with my clinical experiences to provide comprehensive, cutting-edge care to future patients.

Color Psychology in the Context of Advertising

Mariam Ibrahim, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Business Marketing   

My capstone project explores how colors affect consumer emotions, perceptions, and decision-making, and how businesses use these effects in their marketing strategies. This topic brings together ideas from psychology, branding, and culture to better understand how something as simple as a color choice can shape a brand’s identity and influence buyer behavior.

I first became interested in this area through my MKT 211 class where we had to do a SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) of Budweiser. My role in this group project was so analyze the brand’s most recent add, analyzing the color psychology of the brand’s newest item and what each color represented, and give suggestions to the brand on how they could improve their advertising campaigns.

As someone who also runs a small online makeup resale business, I’ve always paid attention to product packaging and branding, especially how certain colors grab attention or suggest particular qualities like luxury, freshness, or eco-friendliness. That curiosity led me to research deeper theories behind color usage in advertising.

Going into the capstone, I expected the process to feel like an extension of my usual class research, but more in-depth. In reality, it was much more immersive than I imagined. One of the most challenging parts was finding accessible and reliable academic resources. Many scholarly articles were behind paywalls, so I had to spend time searching for open-access versions or request help from my professors and library resources. The literature review and theoretical foundation section also required a lot of discipline because it involved connecting abstract theories, like associative learning or semiotics, to practical marketing examples.

The easiest part was visualizing the ideas for my research poster. Since color is such a visual topic, creating the layout felt natural. I enjoyed transforming dense research into something engaging and visually appealing for a broader audience. I was also pleasantly surprised by how many everyday examples I could pull from—like Coca-Cola’s use of red or Facebook’s blue, to show color’s power in real life.

Overall, this journey has confirmed my passion for branding and advertising. I now feel more confident in analyzing why brands make the visual choices they do, and I’m excited to continue exploring how marketing can tap into our subconscious perceptions in meaningful and ethical ways.

Preparation and Characterization of Multi-Responsive Microgels for Controlled Drug Release

Hadi Abbas, Verrazzano Class of 2025, completed major in Biochemistry and minor in Chemistry

For my capstone project, I investigated the preparation and characterization of multi-responsive microgels designed for controlled drug release. The main objective was to create a biocompatible, intelligent drug delivery system that could respond to environmental stimuli—specifically temperature and pH changes—to release therapeutics precisely at diseased sites while minimizing off-target effects.

Using oligo (ethylene glycol)-based polymers, I synthesized microgels crosslinked with dynamic boronate ester bonds. These microgels shrank in response to increased temperature and swelled in acidic environments, which simulated conditions like inflammation or tumors. The results demonstrated that drug release could be finely tuned by adjusting environmental conditions and crosslinker density, confirming the potential of these systems for targeted therapeutic delivery across a broad range of diseases.

I initially identified this research area by reading literature about smart biomaterials and their applications in personalized medicine. My primary motivation came from a desire to bridge materials science with healthcare innovation. Having seen firsthand, through volunteering in hospitals, how systemic side effects from cancer treatments affect patients, I became interested in how drug delivery could be made safer and more localized.

At the start, I expected the capstone to mostly involve straightforward lab work: synthesizing polymers, testing drug release, and gathering data. In reality, it was much more iterative and creative. Designing the polymer system required frequent adjustments, from tweaking monomer ratios to troubleshooting purification methods. It wasn't just about following a recipe — it was about understanding the behavior of materials and learning to adapt.

One major challenge was mastering the synthesis conditions. Small variations in temperature, stirring rates, or initiator concentrations drastically affected the size and uniformity of the microgels. Another challenge was learning to interpret dynamic light scattering data; the patterns were sometimes noisy and required careful calibration. On the easier side, preparing buffer solutions and conducting fluorescence measurements for drug loading were relatively straightforward tasks, as these were familiar techniques from previous coursework. A surprising aspect was how sensitive the microgels were to minor pH changes; even slight variations outside of expected ranges caused significant differences in swelling and drug release, underscoring how critical precise control is for real-world applications.

If I were to continue this research, I would explore integrating a third stimulus-responsiveness, such as redox-sensitivity, to make the system even more specific to cellular micro-environments. Redox-responsive bonds could trigger drug release inside cells that have high glutathione concentrations, such as tumor cells, adding another layer of precision. I would also test the microgels in more biologically relevant conditions, like serum-containing media, to understand how proteins might affect their behavior.

What I am taking away from this experience is the realization that research is both meticulous and imaginative. Success doesn't come just from technical skill—it comes from asking the right questions, designing clever experiments, and embracing setbacks as opportunities to learn. Working independently also built my confidence in experimental design and critical analysis. Finally, I developed a deeper appreciation for interdisciplinary research, as this project combined polymer chemistry, biomedical engineering, and pharmaceutical sciences. These lessons will stay with me as I pursue future opportunities in biomedical innovation.